§1896

hem against such violent proceedings, as had taken place in England in the arbitrary reigns ofsome ofthe Stuarts," when "[e]normous fines and amercements were . . . sometimes imposed." 3 J. Story, Commentaries on the Constitution ofthe United States § 1896, pp. 750-751 (1833). Story included the prohibition on excessive fines as a right, along with the "right to bear arms" and others protected by the Bill ofRights, that "operates, as a qualification upon powers, actually granted by the people to